Born 1932, Krakow; Ph.D. 1969, Hebrew University; Lecturer 1970; Senior Lecturer 1972; Associate Professor 1981; Professor 1985; Emerita 1994; Recipient of the Israel Prize in General Linguistics 2005. Research interests include Semitic languages, especially Ethio-Semitic and Neo-Aramaic, as well as synchronic and diachronic syntax and language interference.